by Dr. Carol Anderson
As a composer of iconic musical numbers, creator of legendary theater works, and mentor to a number of younger composers, the affect Sondheim has had on American musical theater can’t be overstated. Sondheim was extensively praised, with quite a few awards to his title, together with 8 Tonys, 8 Grammys and one Oscar. In 2010, on the event of his eightieth birthday, Arthur Miller’s Theater on West forty third Road was renamed the Sondheim Theater, a lot to the composer’s chagrin. President Barack Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the very best award obtainable to a non-military citizen in 2015. Broadway’s most significant tributed got here on December 8, 2021, when, just below two weeks after his dying from cardiac arrest, the lights of the Nice White Manner had been dimmed for one minute.
Born in 1930 to Etta and Herbert Sondheim, who manufactured attire designed by Etta, Sondheim grew up on the Higher West Facet of Manhattan, an “isolated, emotionally neglected” baby, in accordance with his biographer Meryle Secrest. After his mother and father divorced, he additionally hung out on a farm in rural Pennsylvania. Sondheim’s relationship together with his mom was deeply hostile, to the purpose that he refused to attend her funeral in 1992, after two full many years of estrangement. His earliest schooling was on the Moral Tradition Fieldston College, which counts J. Robert Oppenheimer, conductor Alan Gilbert, and journalist Barbara Walters as only a few of the notable alumni of this preparatory academy. In 1940, his mom despatched him to the equally prestigious New York Army Academy, and he concluded his prep faculty years on the George College, a Quaker faculty in Buck County, Pennsylvania. Sondheim matriculated at Willams Faculty in 1946, graduating magna cum laude in 1950 with a two-year fellowship for additional music research.
An tour to the theater at age 9 to see a efficiency of Very Heat for Might proved the seed for Sondheim’s curiosity in theater. He recalled “The curtain went up and revealed a piano. A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys. I thought that was thrilling.” Round age ten, younger Stephen fashioned a friendship with James Hammerstein, a Bucks County neighbor and son of Oscar Hammerstein II, the legendary lyricist. Oscar grew to become a paternal stand-in and some of the influential figures in Sondheim’s progress. Stephen had written a musical on the George College titled By George, a supply of reward from his friends. When he requested Hammerstein to judge it, Oscar responded by telling him it was horrible, however adopted up his detrimental evaluation with a deeply detailed evaluation of its flaws. Sondheim mentioned he realized extra about songwriting and theater that afternoon than ‘most individuals study in a lifetime.” Hammerstein continued to work with Sondheim, designing a form of course in theater-writing.
Sondheim as a toddler with this mom, Etta.
Sondheim’s different early mentor was the composer Milton Babbitt, with whom he studied in the course of the Williams years. His Williams professor Robert Barrow directed him to Babbitt, whom he known as a “frustrated theater composer.” Babbitt was a mathematician and composer whose classical output was pretty esoteric. Throughout their weekly four-hour tutoring classes in New York Metropolis, Sondheim and Babbitt analyzed a variety of music, from Jerome Kern and Rodgers and Hart to Mozart and the opposite classical greats. Simply as Hammerstein guided younger Sondheim to grasp why his schoolboy musical was flawed, Babbitt helped Sondheim perceive why the music of those composers and songwriters was profitable.
Sondheim’s first years post-college had been lean ones-he labored at his craft whereas honing his encyclopedic information of cinema. His information of movie trivia led him to success on the contestant tryouts for The $64000 Query. In 1954 Sondheim attended a celebration, an evening that may perpetually change his life. Whereas socializing with author Arthur Laurents, he realized of Laurents’ present mission, a musical model of Romeo and Juliet that he was creating with the composer Leonard Bernstein. Adolf Comden and Betty Inexperienced had been initially set to pen the lyrics, however they had been engaged in Hollywood, and the mission as soon as once more wanted a lyricist. Sondheim hesitated, feeling that this mission would divert him from his composing, however Hammerstein correctly suggested him to take the job.
Throughout rehearsal of the 1957 stage manufacturing of West Facet Story. From left: Stephen Sondheim (lyricist), Arthur Laurents (librettist or guide author), Harold Prince (producer), Robert E. Griffith (producer), Leonard Bernstein (composer), and Jerome Robbins (director-choreographer). Photograph by Martha Swope, courtesy of the New York Public Library.
Hal Prince (left) and Stephen Sondheim (proper) in 1981.
Laurents and Jerome Robbins approached Sondheim to collaborate on their subsequent mission, a musical primarily based on the memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee. Sondheim initially wished to jot down each music and lyrics, however the star, Ethel Merman, insisted that Jule Styne, an skilled theater skilled be engaged to jot down the music.
The primary skilled musical for which Sondheim wrote each lyrics and music was the wildly profitable 1962 comedy A Humorous Factor Occurred on the Solution to the Discussion board, which ran for 964 performances and gained six Tony Awards, together with Finest Musical. His follow-up, 1964’s Anybody Can Whistle, bombed, however did have the glory of introducing Angela Lansbury to the musical stage. The following most important skilled relationship in Sondheim’s profession was his collaboration with producer Hal Prince, with whom he created a few of the seminal works of the Broadway stage. Prince/Sondheim initiatives included Firm (1970), Follies (1971), A Little Evening Music (1973), Pacific Overtures (1976) and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Road (1979).
After the failure of 1981’s Merrily We Roll Alongside, Sondheim questioned his additional place on Broadway and thought of different instructions resembling movie writing, online game design, and thriller writing. An opportunity viewing of James Lapine’s off-Broadway piece Twelve Desires impressed his subsequent nice collaboration. With a visible aesthetic that Sondheim discovered inspiring, James Lapine was an ideal accomplice for the subsequent stage of Sondheim’s compositional profession. Collectively they created Sunday within the Park with George (1984), Into the Woods (1987), and Ardour (1994).
The final twenty years of Sondheim’s life continued on this vein, although at this level his legacy was properly established. Along with additional authentic Broadway works, Sondheim wrote new songs for Hollywood diversifications and collaborated on revues and retrospectives of his works. On the time of his passing, he had been engaged on a musical primarily based on movies of the surrealist director Luis Buňuel. Right here We Are premiered off-Broadway in 2023, with a second act recreated from sketches and drafts of the mission.
Sondheim’s later life all the time included mentoring younger composers, as he was deeply dedicated to passing on the generosity he was proven in his early years. He met with 14-year-old Adam Guettel (The Mild within the Piazza), grandson of Richard Rodgers, to supply criticism on his youthful work. He believed Jonathan Larson (Lease) was discovering success in mixing pop types with Broadway sensibilities. Sondheim labored with Lin-Manuel Miranda on a remounting of West Facet Story, asking Miranda to translate sure lyrics into Spanish. Miranda shared his new mission with him, a musical known as Hamilton, which Sondheim reviewed and gave notes on.
Adam Guettel (left) and Stephen Sondheim (proper).
Sondheim’s musical fashion might be spikey, sometimes dipping a toe into Babbitt’s atonality, but the moments of heartfelt melodic invention are quite a few. A lot of his most well-known tunes, resembling “Being Alive” or “No One is Alone” are primarily based on brief repeated melodic motives that construct right into a extra rhapsodic bridge. His alternative of subject material was by no means conservative, as evidenced by the darkness of Sweeney Todd (abuse, assault, and cannibalism), Assassins (primarily based on historic figures who try Presidential assassinations with various ranges of success) or The Frogs, primarily based on an historical Aristophanes play. Into the Woods could also be about fairy tales, however the tales are fractured and darkish. The viewers remained all the time on the forefront of Sondheim’s course of. In a dialog with Contemporary Air’s Terry Gross, Sondheim acknowledged, “I’m interested in the theater because I’m interested in communication with audiences. Otherwise I would be in concert music.” Broadway and theater audiences stay perpetually grateful for his dedication to their expertise.
A scene from The Basic Stage Firm’s manufacturing of Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins.
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