by Michael Clive
Introduced in two breathlessly dramatic acts, Pagliacci is—to coin a musicology joke—shorter than the complete title of its composer, Ruggero Giacomo Maria Giuseppe Emmanuele Raffaele Domenico Vincenzo Francesco Donato Leoncavallo. It was the second of his 9 operas, composed when he was solely 35. Although that’s younger for an opera composer, the prospect of a significant new opera generated pleasure earlier than its premiere, and it was Launched to the world by none aside from Arturo Toscanini. Pagliacci was instantly hailed because the composer’s crowning achievement and have become a automobile for Enrico Caruso, whose rendition of the opera’s most well-known aria, “Vesti la giubba,” grew to become the primary recording to promote one million copies. At the moment, although a number of of Leoncavallo’s operas and songs are publicly carried out, solely Pagliacci stays a repertory staple on this planet’s main opera homes.
Like his shut colleagues and rivals Pietro Mascagni and Giacomo Puccini, Leoncavallo labored within the shadow of Giuseppe Verdi, whose closing operas got here simply because the three youthful composers have been starting their careers. From our fashionable vantage level it’s exhausting to think about how totally Verdi dominated Italian tradition and even Italian historical past; he was not solely the dwelling embodiment of opera in Italy and the world past, however was additionally—together with Garibaldi—probably the most highly effective exponent of Italian unification. After his final opera, Falstaff, fanatics around the globe questioned: What subsequent for Italian tradition and for opera, its signature artwork type? The reply was within the palms of Puccini, Mascagni, and Leoncavallo.
Utah Opera’s 2018 manufacturing of Pagliacci
Photograph: Kent Miles
Leoncavallo was the oldest of the three, however not by a lot. He was born one yr earlier than Puccini and 6 earlier than Mascagni in Naples, which might grow to be a part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 4 years later. After a thoroughgoing schooling in music principle, composition, literature, and piano efficiency, he went to Egypt on the suggestion of his uncle Giuseppe, director of the press division on the Egyptian Overseas Ministry to showcase his pianistic talents. The yr was 1879, Leoncavallo was twenty-two, and the town was Cairo, the place Verdi’s opera Aida obtained a historic efficiency seven years earlier. However after three years there, Leoncavallo fled the town when the British intervened within the nationalist rebellion generally known as the Urabi Revolution.
Nonetheless younger and impressive however now cosmopolitan and well-traveled, Leoncavallo was married and dwelling in Paris when Pietro Mascagni’s opera Cavalleria rusticana shocked Italian operagoers, ushering in a brand new period in opera: Verismo (actually “realism”). This opera was based mostly on an 1880 story of the identical title by Giovanni Verga who was influenced by French realist writers together with Balzac and Zola. Verga was one of many Italian writers who broke by the veneer of Tuscan class to introduce Verismo into Italian literature at a time when Italy was striving for nationwide identification; Verdi had lengthy sought to do the identical in his operas.
For many of the historical past of opera, its severe plotlines targeted on characters who have been gods and goddesses from classical instances, or historic figures, or aristocrats. The tales have been elevated and moralistic. Throughout Verdi’s profession, issues started to vary, however solely barely—a lot to his frustration. He took essential steps towards Realism within the 1850s with La traviata and Un ballo in maschera, however lots of that period’s elegant operagoers considered the elegant courtesan Violetta Valéry as a digital prostitute andwere shocked by his frank, sympathetic depiction of her. Within the final act of Traviata he thrust Realism on the viewers by exhibiting Violetta on her deathbed struggling the ravages of tuberculosis, a ghastly killer. As for Un ballo, the scene of the king’s assassination was so sensible (and politically unflattering) that when Verdi was about to mount the primary manufacturing, the Neapolitan censors refused to let him produce the opera as he had written it. They compelled him to search out one other setting for it, and so the motion was considerably incongruously transferred to colonial Boston. For years after its premiere, censors nonetheless insisted on altering the opera’s title, setting, plot, and characters.
Utah Opera’s 2018 manufacturing of Pagliacci
Photograph: Kent Miles
A decade after Verga revealed his story of ardour and homicide in a small, southern Italian city, Italian opera lastly caught up with him. With hindsight, it’s simple for us to see that Italy’s signature artwork type was ready for Verismo to occur. The primary radical break with operatic custom got here not in Italy, however in France, the place Bizet’s Carmen took the opera stage with a gritty realism for which the general public was unprepared. Right here have been lead characters who have been on a regular basis folks, a number of intercourse and violence, and no ethical lesson in sight. By the point of its premiere on the Opéra-Comique in 1875, arguments over the scandalous plot have been raging in cafés and within the theater itself. Bizet was additionally criticized for producing it on the Opéra-Comique, which was thought-about a venue the place middle-class households may rely on healthful leisure…”A spot the place a person can take his spouse and daughters.”
Fifteen years handed earlier than Mascagni launched these components to Italian opera with the premiere in Rome of Cavalleria rusticana, with its frank depiction of ardour and prurience within the decrease social strata of southern Italy. Right here was all of the poverty and dramatic grit of Carmen, together with a contemporary, anti-clerical, proto-feminist twist within the tragic ostracism of its feminine protagonist—barred from associating along with her neighbors and even coming into church—all couched in lush music. It had a huge effect on Leoncavallo. We will simply think about him pondering, I can try this. And he did.
Over time there have been many conflicting theories concerning the supply of the Pagliacci plotline, since comparable eventualities have cropped up in different varieties. However with hindsight, probably the most convincing rationalization is Leoncavallo’s personal: His father was a widely known police Justice of the Peace and choose who presided over some sensationally lurid circumstances, together with a well-reported case of a jealous clown’s onstage homicide of his spouse and her lover throughout a efficiency. Leoncavallo had heard the tragic story since childhood. As an grownup he acknowledged it as an ideal topic for Verismo.
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